Imashini za CNC ni iki?

Amateka yimashini za CNC
John T. Parsons (1913-2007) wo muri Parsons Corporation mu mujyi wa Traverse, MI afatwa nkintangiriro yo kugenzura imibare, ibanziriza imashini ya CNC igezweho.Kubikorwa bye, John Parsons yiswe se wa revolution ya 2 yinganda.Yari akeneye gukora ibyuma bya kajugujugu bigoye kandi yahise amenya ko ahazaza h'inganda hazahuza imashini na mudasobwa.Uyu munsi ibice byakozwe na CNC birashobora kuboneka hafi yinganda zose.Kubera imashini za CNC, dufite ibicuruzwa bihenze, kwirwanaho gukomeye kwigihugu ndetse nubuzima bwo hejuru kuruta uko bishoboka mu isi idafite inganda.Muri iki kiganiro, tuzasesengura inkomoko yimashini ya CNC, ubwoko butandukanye bwimashini za CNC, gahunda yimashini za CNC hamwe nibikorwa bisanzwe byamaduka ya CNC.

Imashini Zihura na Mudasobwa
Mu 1946, ijambo "mudasobwa" ryasobanuraga ikarita ya punch ikora imashini ibara.Nubwo Parsons Corporation yari imaze gukora icyuma kimwe gusa, John Parsons yemeje Kajugujugu ya Sikorsky ko ishobora gukora inyandikorugero zisobanutse neza zo guteranya no gukora.Yarangije guhimba uburyo bwa mudasobwa ya punch yo kubara amanota kuri kajugujugu ya kajugujugu.Hanyuma yasabye abashinzwe guhindura ibiziga kuri izo ngingo kumashini ya Cincinnati.Yakoze amarushanwa yizina ryiyi gahunda nshya kandi aha amadorari 50 kumuntu wahimbye "Numero Numubare" cyangwa NC.

Mu 1958, yatanze ipatanti yo guhuza mudasobwa n'imashini.Gusaba ipatanti byahageze amezi atatu mbere ya MIT, wakoraga ku gitekerezo yari yatangiye.MIT yakoresheje ibitekerezo bye kugirango ikore ibikoresho byumwimerere kandi uwahawe uruhushya rwa Bwana Parsons (Bendix) yemerewe na IBM, Fujitusu, na GE, nibindi.Igitekerezo cya NC cyatinze gufata.Ku bwa Bwana Parsons, abantu bagurisha iki gitekerezo bari abantu ba mudasobwa aho gukora abantu.Mu ntangiriro ya za 70, ariko, ingabo z’Amerika ubwazo zamamaje ikoreshwa rya mudasobwa ya NC mu kubaka no gukodesha inganda nyinshi.Umugenzuzi wa CNC yahindutse abangikanye na mudasobwa, atwara umusaruro mwinshi kandi wikora muburyo bwo gukora, cyane cyane gutunganya.

Imashini ya CNC ni iki?
Imashini za CNC zikora ibice kwisi hafi yinganda zose.Barema ibintu bivuye muri plastiki, ibyuma, aluminium, ibiti nibindi bikoresho byinshi bikomeye.Ijambo "CNC" risobanura kugenzura mudasobwa, ariko uyumunsi abantu bose bayita CNC.None, wasobanura ute imashini ya CNC?Imashini zose zikoresha ibyuma byikora bifite ibice bitatu byibanze - imikorere yubuyobozi, sisitemu yo gutwara / kugenda, hamwe na sisitemu yo gutanga ibitekerezo.Imashini ya CNC ni inzira yo gukoresha imashini ikoreshwa na mudasobwa kugirango ikore igice mubintu bikomeye muburyo butandukanye.

CNC iterwa nubuyobozi bwa digitale busanzwe bukorwa kuri mudasobwa ifashwa na mudasobwa (CAM) cyangwa software ifasha mudasobwa (CAD) nka SolidWorks cyangwa MasterCAM.Porogaramu yandika G-code umugenzuzi kuri mashini ya CNC ashobora gusoma.Porogaramu ya mudasobwa kumugenzuzi isobanura igishushanyo kandi ikimura ibikoresho byo gukata na / cyangwa igihangano cyakazi kumashoka menshi kugirango ugabanye ishusho wifuza kuva kumurimo.Igikorwa cyo gukata cyikora cyihuta cyane kandi cyukuri kuruta kugendana intoki ibikoresho nibikoresho bikozwe hamwe na leveri hamwe nibikoresho bya bikoresho bishaje.Imashini ya none ya CNC ifata ibikoresho byinshi kandi ikora ubwoko bwinshi bwo gukata.Umubare windege zigenda (amashoka) numubare nubwoko bwibikoresho imashini ishobora kubona mu buryo bwikora mugihe cyo gutunganya imashini igena uburyo igihangano cyakazi CNC ishobora gukora.

Nigute ushobora gukoresha imashini ya CNC?
Abakanishi ba CNC bagomba kunguka ubumenyi haba muri programming no gukora ibyuma kugirango bakoreshe byimazeyo imbaraga za mashini ya CNC.Amashuri yubucuruzi ya tekinike na gahunda yo kwitoza akenshi bitangira abanyeshuri kumisarani yintoki kugirango bumve uburyo bwo guca ibyuma.Umukanishi agomba kuba ashobora gutekereza ibipimo bitatu byose.Uyu munsi software yorohereza kuruta ikindi gihe cyose gukora ibice bigoye, kuko imiterere yigice irashobora gushushanywa hafi hanyuma inzira yibikoresho irashobora gutangwa na software kugirango ikore ibyo bice.

Ubwoko bwa software Bikunze gukoreshwa mubikorwa bya CNC
Gushushanya Mudasobwa (CAD)
Porogaramu ya CAD niyo ntangiriro yimishinga myinshi ya CNC.Hariho porogaramu nyinshi za CAD zitandukanye, ariko zose zikoreshwa mugukora ibishushanyo.Porogaramu zizwi cyane za CAD zirimo AutoCAD, SolidWorks, na Rhino3D.Hariho kandi ibicu bishingiye kuri CAD ibisubizo, kandi bimwe bitanga ubushobozi bwa CAM cyangwa guhuza na software ya CAM kurenza izindi.

Gukora Mudasobwa Gukora (CAM)
Imashini za CNC zikoresha kenshi porogaramu zakozwe na software ya CAM.CAM yemerera abakoresha gushiraho "igiti cyakazi" kugirango bategure akazi, bashireho inzira yibikoresho kandi bakore ibishushanyo mbonera mbere yuko imashini ikora gukata nyabyo.Akenshi gahunda za CAM zikora nka on-on kuri software ya CAD kandi ikabyara g-code ibwira ibikoresho bya CNC nibikoresho byimuka aho bijya.Ubupfumu muri software ya CAM byoroha kuruta ikindi gihe cyose gukora progaramu ya mashini ya CNC.Porogaramu izwi cyane ya CAM ikubiyemo Mastercam, Edgecam, OneCNC, HSMWorks, na Solidcam.Raporo ya 2015 ivuga ko Mastercam na Edgecam bangana na 50% by'imigabane yo mu rwego rwo hejuru ya CAM.

Ni ubuhe buryo bukwirakwizwa mu mibare?
Igenzura ryumubare utaziguye ryagabanijwe kugenzura umubare (DNC)
Igenzura ritaziguye ryakoreshejwe mugucunga gahunda za NC n'ibipimo by'imashini.Yemereye porogaramu kwimuka kumurongo uva kuri mudasobwa nkuru ujya kuri mudasobwa yo mu ndege izwi ku izina rya mashini igenzura imashini (MCU).Ubusanzwe byiswe "Direct Numeric Control," byarenze gukenera kaseti, ariko iyo mudasobwa yamanutse, imashini zayo zose ziramanuka.

Ikwirakwizwa ryimibare ikoresha umuyoboro wa mudasobwa kugirango uhuze imikorere yimashini nyinshi mugaburira gahunda kuri CNC.Ububiko bwa CNC bufite gahunda kandi uyikoresha arashobora gukusanya, guhindura no gusubiza gahunda.

Gahunda za DNC zigezweho zirashobora gukora ibi bikurikira:
Guhindura - Irashobora gukora progaramu imwe ya NC mugihe izindi zirimo guhindurwa.
Gereranya - Gereranya gahunda yumwimerere kandi ihinduwe NC gahunda kuruhande hanyuma urebe ibyahinduwe.
Ongera utangire - Iyo igikoresho kimennye porogaramu irashobora guhagarikwa hanyuma igatangira aho igeze.
Track Gukurikirana akazi - Abakoresha barashobora gukora amasaha kumurimo no gukurikirana gahunda nigihe cyo gukora, kurugero.
Kwerekana ibishushanyo - Erekana amafoto, CAD igishushanyo cyibikoresho, ibikoresho kandi birangiza ibice.
Interface Imigaragarire yimbere - Imashini imwe ikora.
Management Gucunga neza amakuru yububiko - Gutegura no kubika amakuru aho ashobora kuboneka byoroshye.

Gukora Ikusanyamakuru (MDC)
Porogaramu ya MDC irashobora kuba ikubiyemo imirimo yose ya software ya DNC wongeyeho gukusanya amakuru yinyongera no kuyasesengura kugirango ibikoresho byose bikore neza (OEE).Ibikoresho Muri rusange Gukora neza biterwa nibi bikurikira: Ubwiza - umubare wibicuruzwa byujuje ubuziranenge mubicuruzwa byose byakozwe Kuboneka - ijanisha ryigihe giteganijwe ko ibikoresho byerekana bikora cyangwa bitanga ibice Imikorere - umuvuduko nyawo wo gukora ugereranije no guteganya cyangwa gukora neza igipimo cy'ibikoresho.

OEE = Ubwiza x Kuboneka x Imikorere
OEE nigikorwa cyingenzi cyerekana (KPI) kumaduka menshi yimashini.

Gukurikirana Imashini Ibisubizo
Porogaramu ikurikirana imashini irashobora kubakwa muri software ya DNC cyangwa MDC cyangwa kugurwa ukwayo.Hamwe nimikorere yo gukurikirana imashini, amakuru yimashini nko gushiraho, igihe cyo gukora, nigihe cyo gukora amasaha ahita akusanywa kandi agahuzwa namakuru yabantu nkimpamvu zamakuru kugirango atange amateka nigihe nyacyo cyo kumenya uko imirimo ikora.Imashini zigezweho za CNC zikusanya amakuru agera kuri 200 yamakuru, kandi software ikurikirana imashini irashobora gutuma ayo makuru agira akamaro kuri buri wese kuva kumaduka kugeza hasi.Ibigo nka Memex bitanga software (Tempus) ifata amakuru muburyo ubwo aribwo bwose bwimashini ya CNC igashyira muburyo bwububiko busanzwe bushobora kugaragara mubishushanyo mbonera.Ikigereranyo cyamakuru akoreshwa nibisubizo byinshi byo kugenzura imashini zimaze kubona muri Amerika yitwa MTConnect.Uyu munsi ibikoresho byinshi byimashini za CNC biza bifite ibikoresho byo gutanga amakuru murubu buryo.Imashini zishaje zirashobora gutanga amakuru yingirakamaro hamwe na adapt.Gukurikirana imashini kumashini ya CNC byahinduwe cyane mumyaka mike ishize, kandi ibisubizo bishya bya software bihora mubikorwa byiterambere.

Ni ubuhe bwoko butandukanye bwimashini za CNC?
Hano hari ubwoko butabarika bwimashini za CNC uyumunsi.Imashini za CNC ni ibikoresho byimashini zikata cyangwa zimura ibikoresho nkuko byateganijwe kuri mugenzuzi, nkuko byasobanuwe haruguru.Ubwoko bwo gukata burashobora gutandukana mugukata plasma no gukata lazeri, gusya, kugendagenda, no kumisarani.Imashini za CNC zirashobora no gufata no kwimura ibintu kumurongo winteko.

Hano hari ubwoko bwibanze bwimashini za CNC:
Umusarani:Ubu bwoko bwa CNC buhindura akazi kandi bwimura igikoresho cyo gukata kumurimo.Umusarani wibanze ni 2-axis, ariko andi mashoka menshi arashobora kongerwaho kugirango yongere ubunini bwo gukata bishoboka.Ibikoresho bizunguruka kuri spindle hanyuma bigakanda kubikoresho byo gusya cyangwa kubaza bikora ishusho yifuzwa.Imisarani ikoreshwa mugukora ibintu bisa nkibice, cones, cyangwa silinderi.Imashini nyinshi za CNC nibikorwa byinshi kandi bihuza ubwoko bwose bwo gukata.

Inzira:Ubusanzwe CNC ikoreshwa mugukata ibipimo binini mubiti, ibyuma, amabati, na plastiki.Routeur isanzwe ikora kuri 3-axis ihuza, kuburyo ishobora guca mubice bitatu.Ariko, urashobora kandi kugura imashini 4,5 na 6-axis ya moderi ya prototype nuburyo bugoye.

Gusya:Imashini zisya intoki zikoresha intoki hamwe ninsinga ziyobora kugirango zerekane igikoresho cyo gukata kumurimo.Mu ruganda rwa CNC, CNC yimura imipira yukuri yumupira kumurongo uhuza gahunda aho.Gusya imashini za CNC ziza muburyo bunini bwubunini nubwoko kandi birashobora gukora kumashoka menshi.

Gukata plasma:Gukata plasma ya CNC ikoresha laser ikomeye yo gukata.Amashanyarazi menshi ya plasma akata amashusho yateguwe kurupapuro cyangwa isahani.

Icapiro rya 3D:Mucapyi ya 3D ikoresha porogaramu kugirango iyibwire aho yashyira uduce duto twibikoresho kugirango twubake ishusho.Ibice bya 3D byubatswe kumurongo hamwe na laser kugirango ushimangire amazi cyangwa imbaraga uko ibice bikura.

Tora kandi ushireho imashini:Imashini ya CNC "gutoranya no gushyira" ikora isa na router ya CNC, ariko aho gukata ibikoresho, imashini ifite amajwi menshi mato atora ibice akoresheje icyuho, akabimurira ahabigenewe akabishyira hasi.Ibi bikoreshwa mugukora ameza, imbaho ​​za mudasobwa nizindi nteko zamashanyarazi (mubindi.)

Imashini za CNC zirashobora gukora ibintu byinshi.Uyu munsi tekinoroji ya mudasobwa irashobora gushirwa hafi yimashini yatekerezwa.CNC isimbuza isura yumuntu ikenewe kugirango yimure ibice byimashini kugirango ibone ibisubizo byifuzwa.Muri iki gihe CNC irashobora gutangirana nibikoresho fatizo, nk'icyuma, kandi igakora igice gikomeye cyane hamwe no kwihanganira byimazeyo kandi bigasubirwamo bitangaje.

Gushyira Byose hamwe: Uburyo Amaduka ya CNC Imashini akora ibice
Gukoresha CNC bikubiyemo mudasobwa (umugenzuzi) hamwe nuburyo bugaragara.Imashini isanzwe yimashini isa nkiyi:

Igishushanyo mbonera gikora igishushanyo muri gahunda ya CAD ikohereza kuri programu ya CNC.Porogaramu ifungura dosiye muri gahunda ya CAM kugirango ihitemo ibikoresho bikenewe no gukora gahunda ya NC kuri CNC.Yohereje gahunda ya NC kumashini ya CNC kandi atanga urutonde rwibikoresho bikwiye byashyizweho kubakoresha.Umukoresha ushyiraho ibikoresho nkuko byerekanwe kandi yikoreza ibikoresho fatizo (cyangwa igihangano).Aca akora ibice byintangarugero akabipima nibikoresho byubwishingizi bufite ireme kugirango agenzure ko imashini ya CNC ikora ibice ukurikije ibisobanuro.Mubisanzwe, uwashizeho ibikorwa atanga ingingo yambere kubice byubuziranenge bigenzura ibipimo byose nibisinywa kuri setup.Imashini ya CNC cyangwa imashini ifitanye isano yuzuye ibikoresho bibisi bihagije kugirango ikore umubare wifuzwa, kandi ukora imashini ihagarara kugirango yizere ko imashini ikomeza gukora, ikora ibice kuri spec.kandi ifite ibikoresho bibisi.Ukurikije akazi, akenshi birashoboka gukoresha imashini za CNC "amatara-yaka" nta mukoresha uhari.Ibice byarangiye byimuriwe ahabigenewe byikora.

Abahinguzi b'iki gihe barashobora gukoresha hafi inzira zose zitangwa umwanya uhagije, ibikoresho hamwe nibitekerezo.Ibikoresho bibisi birashobora kujya mumashini kandi ibice byuzuye birashobora gusohoka bipakiye biteguye kugenda.Ababikora bashingira kumurongo mugari wimashini za CNC kugirango ibintu bishoboke, neza kandi bihendutse.